Geological Sequestration, a Pathway to Carbon Neutrality

In the quest to combat climate change, humanity is exploring a variety of strategies to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. One promising approach is geological carbon sequestration, also known as carbon capture and storage (CCS). This technique involves capturing CO2 emissions from industrial sources, compressing it into a dense fluid or supercritical state, and then injecting it deep underground into geological formations. By preventing CO2 from entering the atmosphere and contributing to global warming, geological sequestration offers a tangible pathway towards carbon neutrality. This article delves into the intricacies of geological sequestration, examining its potential benefits, challenges, and role in the transition to a sustainable energy future.

Geological carbon sequestration builds on established techniques used by the oil and gas industry to enhance production in aging wells. By capturing CO2 emissions at their source, such as power plants or industrial facilities, and pressurising the gas until it liquefies, geological sequestration effectively traps carbon before it can be released into the atmosphere. Once compressed, the CO2 is transported via pipelines to suitable geological formations, where it is injected deep underground. These formations may include depleted oil and gas reservoirs, deep saline aquifers, or unmineable coal seams.

Once injected, the CO2 can be stored in several ways. In some cases, it remains as a dense fluid, occupying the pore spaces within the rock formations. Over time, it may undergo mineralisation, reacting with minerals in the rock to form stable carbonate compounds. This dual mechanism of storage ensures the long-term immobilisation of CO2, reducing the risk of leakage and minimising environmental impact.

Despite its promise, geological carbon sequestration faces several challenges. The cost of capture and storage can be significant, requiring substantial investment in infrastructure and technology. Moreover, ensuring the integrity of storage sites and monitoring for potential leaks demand rigorous oversight and regulation. Public acceptance and liability concerns also pose hurdles to widespread adoption.

Geological carbon sequestration represents a promising tool in the fight against climate change, offering a viable pathway towards carbon neutrality. By capturing and storing CO2 emissions underground, this technique helps mitigate the impacts of global warming while enabling continued economic growth. However, realising the full potential of geological sequestration requires concerted efforts to overcome technical, economic, and regulatory challenges. Continued research and innovation, coupled with supportive policies and incentives, will be essential in unlocking the transformative power of geological carbon sequestration and ushering in a sustainable energy future.